The Stanza della Segnatura. The Disputation over the Most Holy Sacrament, corresponding to Theology, located on the wall opposite the School of Athens. The two scenes on the fourth wall, executed by the workshop, and the lunette above it, containing the Cardinal Virtues, were painted in 1511. The Fire in the Borgo shows an event documented in the Liber Pontificalis, where the fire broke out in the Borgo in Rome in year 847. The original furnishings from the times of Julius II were replaced with a new wooden wainscot. In this room, Raphael mostly focuses on the interventions of the divinities on human action. It was the study housing the library of Julius II, in which the Signatura of Grace tribunal was originally located. His main love of the life was Margherita Luti, also known as La Fornaria or “the baker’s daughter”, who lived in Trastevere area. The Deliverance of Saint Peter shows, in three episodes, how Saint Peter was liberated from prison by an angel, as described in Acts 12. Moreover, his style was considered more refined. Explore Rome with Us :), Best Rooftop Bars and Restaurants in Rome, How to Buy Tickets on Public Transport in Rome, Encounter between Leo the Great and Attila, Cardinal and Theological Virtues and the Law, Raphael’s mother died in 1491, when he was 8 and three years later his father’s death left him an orphan at the age of 11, Raphael was the only child in his family and his father Giovanni Santi was court painter to Federico da Montefeltro, the Duke of Urbino, The father of Raphael remarried after his wife’s death and Raphael left with a stepmother with whom he lived, but his formal guardian was his only paternal uncle Bartolomeo, a priest. It was possibly Julius' intent to outshine the apartments of his predecessor (and rival) Pope Alexander VI, as the Stanze are directly above Alexander's Borgia Apartment. The Mass at Bolsena depicts the story of a Bohemian priest who in 1263 ceased to doubt the doctrine of Transubstantiation when he saw the bread begin to bleed during its consecration at Mass. The theme of this private chamber – probably an audience room – was the heavenly protection granted by Christ to the Church. Instead of the static images of the Pope's library, he had dramatic narratives to portray, and his approach was to maximize the frescoes' expressive effects. Raphael Rooms are part of the Vatican Museums. In addition, on the ground, at the sides of the altar on which the Most Holy Sacrament dominates, you can see the Militant Church. This is the year when he was appointed as the commissioner of antiquities of Rome, which made him responsible for all of the papacy’s artistic projects in the city. The Raphael rooms are decorated with paintings that make them look magnificent. The Vatican Museums offer a virtual tour of the Raphael Rooms with a 360 degree view of each room. After the death of Julius in 1513, with two rooms frescoed, Pope Leo X continued the program. The Fire in the Borgo shows an event that is documented in the Liber Pontificalis: a fire that broke out in the Borgo in Rome in 847. Raphael was born in the Marches area of Italy. [9] It was meant to reside over the philosophical section of Pope Julius II's library. The Battle of the Pons Milvius (312 AD) represented the victory of Christianity over the pagan world. The Raphael’s rooms (Stanze di Raffaello) are four rooms along the museum path of Vatican Museums. In the first two of these frescoes, Raphael flatteringly includes his patron, Pope Julius II, as participant or observer; the third, painted after Julius's death, includes a portrait of his successor, Leo X. Raphael's style changed here from the Stanza della Segnatura. Because they are not by the master himself, the frescos are less famous than works in the neighboring rooms. The Room of the fire in the Borgo was used in the times of Julius II for the meetings of the highest court of the Holy See: the Segnatura Gratiae et Iustitae, presided over by the Pope. The Battle of Milvian Bridge shows the battle that took place on October 28, 312, following Constantine's vision. All st raphael paintings ship within 48 hours and include a 30-day money-back guarantee. Pope Julius II had visited Orvieto and prayed over the relic in 1506. According to the legend, the apparition of Saints Peter and Paul armed with swords during the meeting of Pope Leo the Great and Attila (452 AD) made the king of the Huns to refrain from the invasion to Italy. The next time you visit Rome, pay a visit to these rooms and you will be astonished by the paintings within them. Thus, the painting shows the Pope as a participant in the Mass and a witness to the miracle kneeling to the right of the altar, with cardinals Leonardo Grosso della Rovere, Raffaello Riario, Tomasso Riario and Agostino Spinola, his relatives, and the chair bearers of the group. Julius II's titular church as cardinal, before he was elevated to the papacy, had been S. Pietro in Vincoli (St. Peter in Chains), so the painting is at once a general reference to the papacy and a specific reference to Julius. The Parnassus is presented as the god Appolo, seated at the centre, plays the lyre, while the nine Muses surround him, patroness of the arts, ancient and modern poets as Dante and Virgil are also recognizable behind him. Consequently, he decided to commission the artist for more work in another room. Choose your favorite st raphael paintings from millions of available designs. Read detailed instructions on how to buy tickets to the museums here. Don’t miss an opportunity to visit the Raphael Rooms in the Vatican Museums during your Roman holiday! The Room of Constantine was designed especially for official ceremonies. In the painting, Raphael created an image of the church, which is presented as spanning both heaven and earth. Moreover, at the time of Leo X the room served as a dining room. According to the Catholic Church, Pope Leo IV contained the fire with his benediction. Raphael arrived in Florence in 1504 and remained in the Tuscan capital until the end of 1508. Running from east to west, as a visitor would have entered the apartment, but not following the sequence in which the Stanze were frescoed, the rooms are the Sala di Costantino ("Hall of Constantine"), the Stanza di Eliodoro ("Room of Heliodorus"), the Stanza della Segnatura ("Room of the Signatura"), and the Stanza dell'Incendio del Borgo ("The Room of the Fire in the Borgo"). RAPHAEL ROOMS In terms of importance and scale, nothing Raphael had done before came close. The patriarchs and prophets of the Old Testament alternated with apostles and martyrs seat in a hemicycle on the clouds. The Mass of Bolsena depicts a scene that happened in 1623 in Bolsena, near Orvieto. Hall 66 – Raffaello. The other paintings in the room are The Oath of Leo III, The Coronation of Charlemagne by Leo III, and The Battle of Ostia. The four episodes of the Old Testament on the ceiling are the work of Raphael, while in the grotesques and arches there are parts attributed to Luca Signorelli, Bramantino, Lorenzo Lotto and Cesare da Sesto. The influence of Perugino is apparent in the early works of Raphael, From around 1504 to 1508, while Raphael lived in Florence, he studied the works of masters of the High Renaissance. The Stanze located right above Alexander’s Borgia Apartment on the third floor of the Palace of the Vatican, overlooking the south side of the Belvedere Courtyard. After the death of Julius II in 1513, only two rooms were finished, but Pope Leo X continued the program. The Vision of the Cross painting depicts the premonition that the emperor Constantine I had before the battle against Maxentius. The third painting in the sequence, The Baptism of Constantine, was most likely painted by Gianfrancesco Penni, and shows the emperor being baptised by Pope Sylvester I in the Lateran Baptistery at Rome, following the account of Constantine's baptism given in the Acts of Sylvester and the Liber Pontificalis (and not the different deathbed version recounted in Eusebius's Life of Constantine). [7] It represents The Parnassus, the dwelling place of the god Apollo and the Muses and the home of poetry, according to classical myth. [3] The Pope is portrayed as a participant in the Mass and a witness to the miracle; he kneels to the right of the altar, with members of the Curia (also portraits) standing behind him. Tell us, what is your favorite painting? This event is shown in The Oath of Leo III. Raphael started working in the city of … Raphael had art in his blood. The painting corresponding to Justice is an illustration of the Cardinal Virtues (Fortitude, Prudence and Temperance) and the Theological Virtues (Faith, Hope and Charity), while below, at the sides of the window, the Delivery of the Pandects to the Emperor Justinian and the Delivery of the Decretals to Pope Gregory IX. The Pope commissioned Raphael and his studio in 1508-1509 to decorate the interiors of rooms. Pythagoras is depicted in the foreground intent on describing the diatesseron. In 1500, while Raphael was in his teens, he was described as a “master” and commissioned to help paint the Baronci Altarpiece for a church in Castello, a town bearby Urbino. Raphael was a pupil of Pietro Perugino, who was among the most famous painters of Italy. His masterpiece was the Sala della Segnatura where he painted perhaps his most loved work, the La Scuola d’Atene, 'The School of Athens.' This event forms the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire. During this period he painted some wonderful works such as the beautiful Madonna of the Goldfinch (c. 1505-1506), displayed in the room.. Leonardo’s influence on young Raphael is evident. Undoubtedly, it is better to purchase tickets online since you will save lots of time that you can spend in queues for tickets in the ticket desks. These rooms are worldwide known for their frescoes, painted by Raphael and his workshop. The fresco of The Vision of the Cross depicts the legendary story of a great cross appearing to Constantine as he marched to confront his rival Maxentius. It has special paintings on the ceiling by Pietro Vanucci, called the Perugino, commissioned by Julius II in 1508. Returning to the path of Raphael’s Rooms, we find ourselves in the Stanza di Eliodoro, the second to be performed by the artist from Urbino Raffaello between 1511 and 1514. You can visit the museum complex of the Vatican daily, except Sunday. The four Raphael Rooms (Stanze di Raffaello) locate in the museum complex of the Vatican. Moreover, famous Raphael is a Renaissance artist, who created many notable artworks that you can find in Italian museums and villas nowadays. The second room in which Raphael worked is known as the Stanza d'Eliodoro'. The Stanza della segnatura ("Room of the Signatura") was the first to be decorated by Raphael's frescoes. Raphael Rooms, also called the Stanze, were originally created as a suite of apartments for Pope Julius II della Rovere. The fresco is notable for its natural moonlight, man-made torchlight, and God-provided angel light. Moreover, the painting shows the interior of the old early Christian basilica of St Peter’s, which was destroyed later. Moreover, the decoration of the room is completed by figures of great Popes surrounded by allegorical statues of Virtue. This third painting,[8] entitled The School of Athens, represents the degrees of knowledge or the truth acquired through reason. The theme of this private chamber – probably an audience room – was the heavenly protection granted by Christ to the Church. The room is dedicated to the victory of Christianity over paganism. The Encounter between Leo the Great and Attila is the last fresco created in this room, which was finished after the death of Julius II. It is the latter, of course, that outshines the others. Completed in: 1511. Style: High Renaissance. In the centre, Plato is shown with a finger that points upwards and holds his book Timeus, flanked by Aristotle with Ethichs. There are many interesting details and worldwide known masterpieces inside the Vatican Museums. The Coronation of Charlemagne shows how Charlemagne was crowned Imperator Romanorum on Christmas Day, 800. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, known as Raphael (1483-1520), was an Italian painted and architect of the High Renaissance. Raphael’s career divides into three phases and three styles: early years in Umbria, a period of about four years (1504-1508) of learning and using the artistic traditions of Florence, and his last twelve years in Rome, where he was working for two Popes. The Justification of Leo III illustrates a scene that happened the day before the crowning of Charlemagne, when the Pope replied to the calumnies of the nephews of his predecessor Hadrian I by renewing the concept that vicar of Christ is responsible to God alone for his doings. The Supernatural Truth is illustrated in the Disputation of the Most Holy Sacrament (theology) and the rational truth is represented in the School of Athens (philosophy). Based on this scene, the power of the Popes became verified and the state of the church was founded. Raphael replaced the grotesques in the center of the ceiling with the four Episodes of the Old Testament: Noah leaving the ark (Genesis 8:15-20), The sacrifice of Isaac (Genesis 22: 1-14), Moses before the burning bush (Exodus 3: 1-12), and Jacob’s dream (Genesis 28: 10-22). In Rome from 1509 to 1511, he painted the Stanza della Segnatura ("Room of the Signatura") frescoes located in the Palace of the Vatican. It symbolizes the power of the Vicar of Christ to escape human restraints. His father, Giovanni Santi, was a court painter … It is divided into … Moreover, the price is 17 euro per person + 4 euro reservation fee. Two paintings by Renaissance master Raphael were discovered during the cleaning and restoration of a room … The Liberation of St Peter (Deliverance of Saint Peter) depicts the prince of the apostles and first Pope, who was saved from the prison by an angel while the guards lie sleeping, as described in Acts 12. Jones and Penny, p. 74: "The execution of the, The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple, The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (Giulio Romano), Cardinal and Theological Virtues (Raphael), The Stanze of the Vatican - with virtual tour, Visual Tour of the Raphael Rooms, with identifications of figures in frescoes, Raphael Rooms' 360x180 degree panorama virtual tour, Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici, Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri, Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano, Portrait of Pope Leo X with Two Cardinals, Portrait of Doña Isabel de Requesens y Enríquez de Cardona-Anglesola, Deesis with Saint Paul and Saint Catherine, Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum, Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Rooms&oldid=996871669, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Italy articles missing geocoordinate data, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 00:39. Donation of Rome Triumph of Christian Religion describes the episode where the emperor Constantine kneels before Pope Sylvester in the act of offering him the city of Rome, embodied by the golden statue. Here the spiritual and temporal power of the Church is enhanced, with God’s interventions in favor some men. There is no separate ticket for the Stanze, you have to buy ticket whether in the ticket desk or online on the official website of the Vatican Museums: www.museivaticani.va. Many of his works located in the Vatican Palace and Villa Farnesina (Trastevere area, Rome). The Crowning of Charlemagne took place in Saint Peter’s on Christmas night in the year 800. Between 1509 and 1511, Raphael also completed another work on the wall opposite the Disputa. They are on the third floor, overlooking the south side of the Belvedere Courtyard. The rooms had been decorated by several artists previously including, Piero Della Francesca and Luca Signorelli, but Raphael eliminated all previous work and replaced it with his own. This fresco in the Stanza della Segnatura, one of the four Raphael Rooms in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican, is one of four paintings in the room which depict … Named after the celebrated Renaissance painter, this room commemorates his achievements and evokes the moment when Italian artists began looking to ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration. Transfiguration is the last painting created by Raphael. On December 23, 800 AD, Pope Leo III took an oath of purgation concerning charges brought against him by the nephews of his predecessor Pope Hadrian I. In 1898, Isabella Stewart Gardner brought the first painting by Raphael to the United States. A fully developed drawing by Raphael indicates he planned to place the pope – portrayed with Julius's features – in the background; when Leo X became pope – and just happened to choose the name Leo – he must have encouraged the artist to bring the pope front and center and use his own portrait.[4]. His father was a court painter and the son followed his footsteps by achieving an education in the arts, literature, and social skills. It was Da Vinci’s art that made an influence and inspired Raphael for his artworks from the Florentine period. Raphael completed the second composition between 1509 and 1511. Jones & Penny, 118–121; Pope-Hennessy, 115. The frescoes from the ceiling date to the first decoration commissioned by Julius II at the beginning of his pontificate. Walls of the room represent the episodes of Emperor’s life. In the 15th century, a tradition of decorating private libraries with portraits of great thinkers was common. Raphael’s rooms are four rectangular rooms with cross vaulted ceilings: the first is known as the Room of Constantine, and it was the last to be built after Pope Julius II dismissed artists such as Perugino, Peruzzi, Sodoma and Lotto after seeing young Raphael’s talent. The cloth that was stained by the blood was held as a relic at the nearby town of Orvieto; Julius II had visited Orvieto and prayed over the relic in 1506. He was a prolific artist, and despite death at the young age of 37, has a considerable body of work to study. The Expulsion of Heliodorus, from whom one of four rooms takes its name, embodies the biblical episode of Heliodorus, sent by the king of Syria Seleucus, to posses the treasure located in the temple of Jerusalem. Though the Fire in the Borgo was based on Raphael's mature designs it was executed by his assistants, who painted the other three paintings without his guidance. Raphael depicted the episode at the gates of Rome, identified by the Colosseum, by an aqueduct, an obelisk. Read as a whole, they immediately transmitted the intellect of the pope and would have sparked discussion between cultured minds that were lucky enough to enter into this private spa… Three small paintings done by Raphael shortly after The Marriage of the Virgin — Vision of a Knight, Three Graces, and St. Michael —are masterful examples of narrative painting, showing, as well as youthful freshness, a maturing ability to control the elements of his own style. The four Raphael Rooms (Italian: Stanze di Raffaello) form a suite of reception rooms in the Apostolic Palace, now part of the Vatican Museums, in Vatican City. By 1501, the artist was held in high esteem and got important commissions, such as the Mond de Crucifixion in 1503. The Cardinal and Theological Virtues and the Law is on the wall opposite the Parnassus. The frescoes illustrate the political relations of Leo X through the real life stories of two previous Popes with the same name: Leo III and Leo IV. The Stanze, as they are commonly called, were originally intended as a suite of apartments for Pope Julius II. The episode represented in the painting shows the topographical precision north of Rome with Monte Mario, where Villa Madama (built those years by Raphael for the Pope) is also shown on the left side. The School of Athens is the fresco in one of the four Raphael Rooms which form a suite of reception rooms, now part of the Vatican Museums in Vatican City. Originally, Julius II used this room as a library and private office. It shows the Mass celebrated by a Bohemian priest and the moment of consecration, when the blood of Christ trickled from the host. Raphael distinguishes the "real" thirteenth-century witnesses from those who are contemporaries of the pope by their degree of engagement in the event; the latter concentrate calmly on Julius kneeling at his devotions rather than responding to the miracle. His father was a painter. On the 500th anniversary of his death, Scuderie del Quirinale pays tribute to Raffaello with the biggest exhibition ever devoted to Raphael. Although the focal point is the still figure of the priest at prayer, Heliodorus and the angels rush forward into space, threatening to spill out of the painting. This room not only contains first works of the artist in the Vatican, but these masterpieces also mark the beginning of the High Renaissance. Its frescoes represent this struggle from the life of the Roman Emperor Constantine, and are the work of Giulio Romano, Gianfrancesco Penni and Raffaellino del Colle. The frescos depict events from the lives of Popes Leo III and Leo IV. The Vatican Museums host four Raphael Rooms or Stanze: Room of Heliodorus, Room of the Signatura, Room of the Fire in the Borgo, and the Room of Constantine, the last of which was completed in 1524 by Raphael's students. The theme of this room is worldly and spiritual wisdom and the harmony which Renaissance humanists perceived between Christian teaching and Greek philosophy. Then, Diogenes is lying on the stairs with a dish, while Heracleitus is leaning against the block of marble, writing on a sheet of paper. This fresco is attributed to Giovanni Francesco Penni. In the first two of these frescoes, Raph… They are famous for their frescoes, painted by Raphael and his workshop. Of course, the best option to see all main masterpieces of the Vatican Museums and particularly of the Raphael Rooms is by getting private guided tour. Raphael, along with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, are considered the great trinity of master painters of the High Renaissance period. Following Raphael's death in 1520, his assistants Gianfrancesco Penni, Giulio Romano and Raffaellino del Colle finished the project with the frescoes in the Sala di Costantino. For the last 6 years I live in the Eternal City. Moreover, Euclid is shown on the right side, where he is teaching geometry to his students and Zoroaster is represented holding the heavenly sphere, while Ptolemy holding the earthly sphere. With recent restoration of the Raphael rooms revealing techniques only Raphael was privy to, the question as to the greatest ever artist is again wide open. Raphael himself painted only two of the rooms in full, with some pieces in other rooms done by him and the rest completed by his students in his workshop to his design. The School of Athens fresco represents the most notable philosophers of ancient times. Together with Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes, they are the grand fresco sequences that mark the High Renaissance in Rome. Location: Stanza della Segnatura (Signature… Raphael was born into an artistic family, as his father was the court painter to The Duke of Urbino. This episode is a reference to Julius II, who was the titular cardinal of St Peter in Chains (S. Pietro in Vincoli) before being elected as the Pope. After completing the works in the first room, it left Pope Julius II thoroughly impressed. This room was prepared as a music room for Julius' successor, Leo X. The pictorial decoration was executed by Raphael and his school between 1508 and 1524. The four paintings are: The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple, The Mass at Bolsena, The Meeting of Pope Leo I and Attila, and The Deliverance of Saint Peter from Prison. The Room of the Segnatura includes frescoes that made Raphael famous. The Battle of Ostia was inspired by the naval victory of Leo IV over the Saracens at Ostia in 849. Raphael made an initial project for this masterpiece, but lately, his pupil Giulio Romano executed it. According to the legend, a cross appeared to Constantine in the sky, after which as described in the fresco, he adopted the Greek motto translated as “In this sign you shall conquer.”  Thus the victory in the Battle over the Milvian Bridge is only possible in case if he substituted the imperial eagles on the soldiers’ norms with the cross, thus officially recognizing the Christian religion. These rooms are worldwide known for their frescoes, painted by Raphael and his workshop. Painted between 1511 and 1514, it takes its name from one of the paintings. Raphael’s paintings are frequently compared and discussed along with Michelangelo and his ceiling in the Sistine Chapel that considered the grand fresco sequences of the High Renaissance in Rome. The Raphael Rooms (the Stanze) formed the part of the apartment located in the Pontifical Palace that was chosen by Julius II della Rovere as his own residence and used by his successors. Its paintings were not begun until Pope Julius and, indeed Raphael himself, had died. Painted between 1511 and 1514, it takes its name from one of the paintings. In addition, the frescoes of the ceiling are interconnected with the scenes below them. Traveling, exploring new things, writing blogs, shooting vlogs are my main hobbies, but the thing that I like even more is to share my experience and thoughts with you! Opening hours from Monday to Friday are from 8:45 am to 4:45 pm, while on Saturday museums work until 1:45 pm. The rooms are located a few steps away from the Sistine Chapel and St. Peter’s Cathedral. At the left Julius II, carried by the Swiss Guard in a chair, witnesses the event. He … The room’s name goes from the highest court of the Holy See, the “Segnatura Gratiae et Iustutuae”. Together with Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling frescoes, they are the grand fresco sequences that mark the High Renaissance in Rome. The room’s program is political and purposes at documenting in different historical moments from the Old Testament to medieval history, the miraculous protection bestowed by God on the Church. Moreover, the pontiff is a portrait of the Pope Julius II. Don’t forget to follow the dress code during your visit, you have to cover your knees and shoulders! The composition is considerably more dramatic than Raphael's earlier frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura. This first of the famous "Stanze" or " Raphael Rooms " to be painted, now known as the Stanza della Segnatura after its use in Vasari's time, was to make a stunning impact on Roman art, and remains generally regarded as his greatest masterpiece, containing The … The school of Raphael was working on its decoration based on drawings by the artist, who died before the completion of the artwork. It is perhaps Raphael's most famous fresco. The Battle of Ostia painting was inspired by the naval victory of Leo IV over the Saracens at Ostia in 849. Raphael was productive person and despite his death at 37, he left many artworks. The four Raphael Rooms (Stanze di Raffaello) locate in the museum complex of the Vatican. The painter was quite influential in his lifetime and his work was mostly famous from his collaborative printmaking. The theme of wisdom is appropriate as this room was the council chamber for the Apostolic Signatura, where most of the important papal documents were signed and sealed. [5] The fresco is a study in light: natural moonlight, man-made torchlight, and God-provided angel light. Suite of reception rooms in the Palace of the Vatican painted by Raphael and his workshop between 1509 and 1524. The Cardinal Virtues allegorically presents the virtues of fortitude, prudence and temperance alongside charity, faith, and hope. The four Raphael Rooms, belonging to the Vatican Museums in Rome, house some of the most spectacular Renaissance masterpieces. The fresco's position as well as the philosophers' walk in direction of the Holy Sacrament on the opposite wall suggested the interpretation of the whole room as the movement from the classical philosophy to the true religion and from the pre-Christian world to Christianity. The Disputation of … Measurements: 500 cm × 770 cm. In the early 16th century, Pope Julius II commissioned the Italian painter Raphael to design the Hall of Constantine, a reception room in the Vatican’s Pontifical Palace. Along with Michelangelo’s frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, they represent … The Room of Heliodorus was initially used for the private audiences of the Pope. He was now tasked with painting every wall and ceiling of four large rooms in the Vatican, which the Pope may have intended to surpass the grandeur of Alexander Borgia’s rooms. 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Outshines the others the ceiling are interconnected with the biggest exhibition ever devoted Raphael... Rooms were painted by Raphael to the Museums here Renaissance in Rome many affairs and. Neighboring rooms Raffaello ) locate in the fresco is notable for its natural moonlight, torchlight... Originally, Julius II della Rovere pagan world room in which Raphael worked known...

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