If (S,φ) and (S0,φ0) are two R-algebras then a ring homomorphism f : S → S0 is called a homomorphism of R-algebras if f(1 S) = 1 S0 and f φ= φ0. (The values of f… Proof: Suppose a and b are elements of G 1 in the kernel of φ, in other words, φ(a) = φ(b) = e 2, where e 2 is the identity element of G 2.Then … Therefore a2ker˙˚. The kernel of f, defined as ker(f) = {a in R : f(a) = 0 S}, is an ideal in R. Every ideal in a ring R arises from some ring homomorphism in this way. Note that φ(e) = f. by (8.2). . If there exists a ring homomorphism f : R → S then the characteristic of S divides the characteristic of R. Therefore the equations (2.2) tell us that f is a homomorphism from R to C . The kernel of φ, denoted Ker φ, is the inverse image of the identity. Indeed, ker˚/Gso for every element g2ker˙˚ G, gker˚g 1 ˆ ker˚. If a2ker˚, then ˙˚(a) = ˙(e H) = e K where e H (resp. If His a subgroup of a group Gand i: H!Gis the inclusion, then i is a homomorphism, which is essentially the statement that the group operations for H are induced by those for G. Note that iis always injective, but it is surjective ()H= G. 3. 2. Suppose that φ(f) = 0. Let us prove that ’is bijective. Given r ∈ R, let f be the constant function with value r. Then φ(f) = r. Hence φ is surjective. If r+ ker˚2ker’, then ’(r+ I) = ˚(r) = 0 and so r2ker˚or equivalently r+ ker˚= ker˚. Solution: Define a map φ: F −→ R by sending f ∈ F to its value at x, f(x) ∈ R. It is easy to check that φ is a ring homomorphism. Informally, an injection has each output mapped to by at most one input, a surjection includes the entire possible range in the output, and a bijection has both conditions be true. Solution for (a) Prove that the kernel ker(f) of a linear transformation f : V → W is a subspace of V . you calculate the real and imaginary parts of f(x+ y) and of f(x)f(y), then equality of the real parts is the addition formula for cosine and equality of the imaginary parts is the addition formula for sine. K). Furthermore, ker˚/ker˙˚. This implies that ker˚ ker˙˚. Functions can be injections (one-to-one functions), surjections (onto functions) or bijections (both one-to-one and onto). For an R-algebra (S,φ) we will frequently simply write rxfor φ(r)xwhenever r∈ Rand x∈ S. Prove that the polynomial ring R[X] in one variable is … We have to show that the kernel is non-empty and closed under products and inverses. (b) Prove that f is injective or one to one if and only… Exercise Problems and Solutions in Group Theory. Thus Ker φ is certainly non-empty. The function f: G!Hde ned by f(g) = 1 for all g2Gis a homo-morphism (the trivial homomorphism). (4) For each homomorphism in A, decide whether or not it is injective. The homomorphism f is injective if and only if ker(f) = {0 R}. Then Ker φ is a subgroup of G. Proof. Let s2im˚. Then there exists an r2Rsuch that ˚(r) = sor equivalently that ’(r+ ker˚) = s. Thus s2im’and so ’is surjective. Thus ker’is trivial and so by Exercise 9, ’ is injective. functions in F vanishing at x. Decide also whether or not the map is an isomorphism. e K) is the identity of H (resp. , φ(vn)} is a basis of W. C) For any two finite-dimensional vector spaces V and W over field F, there exists a linear transformation φ : V → W such that dim(ker(φ… (3) Prove that ˚is injective if and only if ker˚= fe Gg. These are the kind of straightforward proofs you MUST practice doing to do well on quizzes and exams. . Moreover, if ˚and ˙are onto and Gis finite, then from the first isomorphism the- φ is injective and surjective if and only if {φ(v1), . Definition/Lemma: If φ: G 1 → G 2 is a homomorphism, the collection of elements of G 1 which φ sends to the identity of G 2 is a subgroup of G 1; it is called the kernel of φ. Prove that I is a prime ideal iff R is a domain. We show that for a given homomorphism of groups, the quotient by the kernel induces an injective homomorphism.

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