The impact of childhood deprivation on the adult brain and the extent to which structural changes underpin these effects are currently unknown. The sample studied included families containing at least two individuals with autism spectrum disorder; observations were undertaken by the researcher who interviewed the subject... Abstract To examine whether and how the classification of mental disorders can be based on research, we evaluate the relevance of psychiatric science to the major questions in classification. The recent release of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association has led to much debate. Using data from the English & Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study, we recently reported that early time-limited exposure to severe institutional deprivation is associated with early-onset and persistent neurodevelopmental problems and later-onset emotional problems. Although tests of associations between family history and clinical features are numerous for depression, such tests are relatively... ... Over the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in how social conditions influence health and disease by becoming biologically embedded Brody et al., 2014;Chen & Miller, 2013;Link & Phelan, 1995;Phelan, Link, & Tehranifar 2010; ... To better interpret the genotype-phenotype correlation of this region, we made a summary on clinic data in postnatal and prenatal cases with pure 19q13.42q13.43 duplication, as shown in Table 1 [14,[18][19]. Moffitt (1993) proposed that subclassification of CD should be according to age of onset. different responses in order to discover the causal processes that relate to resilience. Severe psychosocial deprivation in early childhood is associated with increased DNA methylation across a region spanning the transcription start site of CYP2E1, Early severe institutional deprivation is associated with a persistent variant of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Clinical presentation, developmental continuities and life circumstances in the English and Romanian Adoptees study, Using Natural Experiments to Test Environmental Mediation Hypotheses, Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of twin studies, Annual Research Review: Threats to the validity of child psychiatry and psychology, Using natural experiments and animal models to study causal hypotheses in relation to child mental health problems, Age of onset and the subclassification of conduct/dissocial disorder, Psychopathology after foster care or institutional rearing, Psychological Consequences of Early Global Deprivation, Self and informant reports of mental health difficulties among adults with autism findings from a long-term follow-up study, New Interview and Observation Measures of the Broader Autism Phenotype: Description of Strategy and Reliability Findings for the Interview Measures: Interview measures of the BAP, Some of the complexities involved in gene-environment interplay, Psychological consequences of early global deprivation: an overview of findings from the English & Romanian Adoptees Study, Age of onset and the subclassification of conduct disorder and antisocial personality, New Interview and Observation Measures of the Broader Autism Phenotype: Group Differentiation, Outcomes in Adult Life Among Siblings of Individuals with Autism, Commentary: G × E in child psychiatry and psychology: a broadening of the scope of enquiry as prompted by Munafò et al. He's actually Sir Michael Rutter, being a renowned UK citizen. ... Retrospect and Prospect’ Michael Rutter 2005. Nine types of genetically sensitive natural experiments are described, together with their assumptions and limitations. After postgraduate posts in neurology, paediatrics and cardiology, he undertook training in psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital in London, qualifying with distinction in 1961 before going to spend a year on a research fellowship at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. Genes and environments, development and time. Several studies, however, have demonstrated that subjects with autism have difficulty in discriminating between their intended and non-intended actions. Concepts of causation are discussed, as are alternative explanations of an association other than causation. Experimental medicine that budges basic and clinical science often constitutes a key way forward. We report on cognitive, social and mental health outcomes in 87 adult siblings (mean age 39 years). It is a universal finding that there is huge heterogeneity in people's responses to all kinds of stress and adversity. It has been part-funded by the Nuffield Foundation, most recently to enable a follow-up of the children aged 15 involved in English Romanian adoption. The life and legacy of Sir Christopher Booth, The History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, Rutter, Michael - Transcript of an Interview, Rutter, Michael - 01 Early Training and Influences:The Maudsley Hospital, London (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 02 The Need to question your own Research (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 03 Epidemiological Psychiatry defined: The Study of Romanian Adoptees (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 04 Autism and the MMR Vaccine (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 05 Maternal Deprivation: Relationships and Attachments (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 06 Lost Relationships: Coping, Resilience and Genetic Factors (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 07 Autism: A Brain Disorder with Important Genetic Factors (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 08 Autism: Tests for Diagnosis and Measurement reveal a Wider View of the Disorder (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 09 Autism: Degrees of Severity (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 10 Genes and Behaviour (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 11 How Genes might play a part in Schizophrenia and Autism (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 12 Genes and environments - Anti-social Mothers, Adoptive Parents and Child Behaviour (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 13 Anti-social Behaviour: Why some People develop it (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 14 Anti-social Behaviour: Why it matters (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 15 Anti-social Behaviour: The Role played by Genes that most of us have (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 16 Anti-social Behaviour: The Difference between Corporal Punishment and Maltreatment (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 17 The Camberwell Interview: Assessing Families' Influence on Risks for Children's Behaviour (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 18 Do Schools influence Behavioural and Scholastic Problems? © The History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of [email protected], Wellcome gifts for Christmas (and the New Year), Pyjamas on Everest and in the lab - tales from the NIMR, Register of interest: Bowel cancer and the Polyposis Registry, Building Henrietta: DIY electrophysiology in the 1950s, Drugs: Medical Marvels or Malevolent Molecules. Viewed against the background of earlier... Epilepsy occurs in a significant minority of individuals with autism, but few long-term follow-up studies have been reported, so the prevalence, features (type of seizures, age at onset and severity, etc.) 2015). and correlates (IQ history of regression, family history) have only partially been identified. Many prenatal risk factors are known to have adverse consequences on fetal development and there is increasing interest in effects on the mental health of offspring. Rutter’s research is consistent with Bowlby and Harlow (58). It is well established that very few individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and an IQ below 70 are able to live independently as adults. He has been described as the "father of child psychology". A Review of General Psychologysurvey, published in 2002, ranked Rutter as the 68th most … When is a case a case? Physical growth and maturation following early severe institutional deprivation: Do they mediate specific psychopathological effects? In 1994 he set up the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry. The English and Romanian Adoptees study is used as an example of a "natural experiment," and detailed findings are provided. 2014;Weeland et al. Although the mechanisms mediating these effects are not known, recent work in rodent models suggests that epigenetic processes may be involved. More recent neurological evidence supports the damaging effects that privation can … We have tried to keep a balance between the need for rigorous research and systematic evaluation … A genome-wide linkage and association scan reveals novel loci for autism, Commentary: Fact and artefact in the secular increase in the rate of autism, Parents' Evaluation of Adoption Success: A Follow-Up Study of Intercountry and Domestic Adoptions, Dopamine transporter gene polymorphism moderates the effects of severe deprivation on ADHD symptoms, Do prenatal risk factors cause psychiatric disorder? 4. Childhood factors that predict later stability, improvement or decline in cognitive functioning remain uncertain a... Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often co-occur. (2014), Commentary: Attachment is a biological concept - a reflection on Fearon et al. (2014), Translation gone awry: Differences between commonsense and science, DSM-5: A Collection of Psychiatrist Views on the Changes, Controversies, and Future Directions, Cognitive and language skills in adults with autism: A 40-year follow-up, Factor Structure of Autistic Traits in Children with ADHD, Social Outcomes in Mid- to Later Adulthood Among Individuals Diagnosed With Autism and Average Nonverbal IQ as Children, New Interview and Observation Measures of the Broader Autism Phenotype: Impressions of Interviewee Measure, laurens etal 2007 SchizophreniaResearch supplement M, Basing psychiatric classification on scientific foundation: Problems and prospects, Classification issues and challenges in child and adolescent psychopathology, Achievements and challenges in the biology of environmental effects, Annual Research Review: Resilience - clinical implications, Resilience: Causal Pathways and Social Ecology, Longitudinal Studies Using a "Natural Experiment" Design: The Case of Adoptees From Romanian Institutions, Individual common variants exert weak effects on the risk for autism spectrum disorders, Classification of feeding and eating disorders: Review of evidence and proposals for ICD-11, Disruptive mood dysregulation with dysphoria disorder: A proposal for ICD-11, Adolescent callous-unemotional traits and conduct disorder in adoptees exposed to severe early deprivation, The effects of group daycare in the context of paid maternal leave and high-quality provision, A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder, Black pupils' progress in secondary school—I. In this chapter we consider why grouping different neurodevelopmental disorders might be useful for clinical and research purposes and also discuss findings that support this clustering. In recent years, several studies have produced data showing apparent changes in early adult life of psychological life trajectories, changes that have been labelled "turning points". A general assumption is that science is just organised commonsense. His studies of autism, depression, antisocial behaviour, reading difficulties, deprived children, overactive children, school effectiveness and children whose psychiatric problems have a clear organic component has resulted in many publications. The BAP scores of... Little is known about adult siblings of individuals with autism. Attention is paid to the conceptual issues in DSM and ICD development and differences between the two classificati... New research findings provide major challenges regarding our understanding of the concept of autism. Research shows that attachment problems can have a big impact on later life. Participants were exposed to personal experience of unintended outcomes, to test if they could distinguish intended vs. unintended actions. HPA axis dysregulation in adult adoptees twenty years after severe institutional deprivation in childhood, Adult disinhibited social engagement (DSE) in adoptees exposed to extreme institutional deprivation: an examination of its clinical status and functional impact, Child-to-adult neurodevelopmental and mental health trajectories after early life deprivation: The young adult follow-up of the longitudinal English and Romanian Adoptees study, The long-term impact of profound deprivation on human development: child-to-adult neurodevelopmental and mental health trajectories in the English and Romanian Adoptees study. Here we test whether such effects persist into adulthood. He was appointed the first consultant of child psychiatry in the UK and has been Head of the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry, London, and Honorary Director of the Medical Research Council Child Psychiatry Unit. E-mail: [email protected]. At 10, mean scores for black children of West Indian origin were well below those of whites. Early institutional deprivation is a risk factor for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. We now know autism is one of the most highly heritable disorders with negligible shared environmental contributions. In a landmark study in 1979, Michael Rutter conducted research in a selection of comprehensive schools titled Fifteen Thousand Hours – Secondary Schools and their Effects on Children identified substantial differences between secondary schools in a range of student academic and behavioural outcomes. Rutter set up the Medical Research Council (UK)Child Psychiatry Research Unit in 1984 and the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre 10 years later, being honorary director of both until October 1998. The concept of resilience has as its starting point the recognition that there is huge heterogeneity in people's responses to all manner of environmental adversities. Dr. Rutter's research interests include statistics, fisheries, R programming language, predictive models, ecology, quantitative fisheries models, and statistics in sports. in how humans respond to environmental hazards, whether those are physical or psychological. Table S1. Suggestions have been made that many claims concern false-positive findings in the field of child psychology and psychiatry. The use of... Background: 27 October 2020. We conclude that most studies cannot inform the validity of diagnostic categories because they are constrained by the classification through a top-down diagno... Abstract The major advances that have taken place over the last half century are reviewed with a focus on those that are particularly important with respect to classification issues in the field of child and adolescent psychopathology. How Might Simulation-Based Accounts of Mindreading Explain Pragmatic Interpretation? Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Individuals with an ASD vary greatly in cognitive development, which can range from above average to intellectual disability. Rutter's work includes: early epidemiologic studies (Isle of Wight and Inner London); studies of autism involving a wide range of scientific techniques and disciplin… Importantly, as childhood environments are to a large degree created by parents and thus influenced by parental genetic predispositions (D'Onofrio, Lahey, Turkheimer, & Lichtenstein, 2013;Kendler & Baker, 2007;Plomin & Bergeman, 1991; ... During the 1980s, therefore, the most prominent official statistics on the Black/ White gap were based on one-off special investigations that did not even operationalise a separate category for White students (Rampton, 1981;Swann, 1985). Michael Rutter (1981) disagreed with Bowlby. (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 19 Depression in Childhood and what happens in Adult Life (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 20 Policy and Punishment: The Case of Young People (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 21 What is Science? He carried out definitive research into the effects on children of a lack of stable family life and showed that certain characteristics of schools affected the achievements of their pupils. The accompanying Practitioner Review by Munafò et al. This study used the prospective Norwegian cohort of 24,259 (MoBa; Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study) to examine predictors of group daycare, and the effects of family risk and group daycare on child behaviour a... Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable disorder of complex and heterogeneous aetiology. The emphasis throughout is on the growing points of knowledge and on the new developments in prac tice. Results Much the strongest evidence concerns the importance of susceptibility genes, but such genes Methods: Although autism is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder, attempts to identify specific susceptibility genes have thus far met with limited success. Risk, causation, mediation, and moderation, 5HTT genotype moderates the influence of early institutional deprivation on emotional problems in adolescence: Evidence from the English and Romanian Adoptee (ERA) study, Assessing the Concept of the ‘Insecure‐Other’ Category in the Cassidy–Marvin Scheme: Changes Between 4 and 6 Years in the English and Romanian Adoptee Study. In this paper, we provide an overview of the contribution of the Isle of Wight studies to research on reading disabilities. Currently he is professor of developmental psychopathology at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London and consultant psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital, a post he has held since 1966. Genome-wide association studies using half a million or more markers, particularly those with very large sample sizes achieved through meta-analysis, have shown great success in mapping genes... Parents of 165 children adopted from Romania and 52 children adopted from within the United Kingdom rated the success of the adoptions when the children were 11 years old. Michael Rutter (1972) wrote a book called Maternal Deprivation Re-assessed. Method: Beyond school age, persistent DSED symptoms in young adults adopted from early institutional deprivation to well-functioning families in preschool age have been found to be associated with symptoms of ADHD and callous-unemotional traits (CU), though unrelated to depression, anxiety and CD symptoms [47]. This study presents follow-up findings on the reading progress of black and white children from an inner London sample between the ages of 10 and 14. He studied a group of adolescent boys to see if there was a relationship between delinquent and anti-social behaviour and early separation due to hospitalisation and also due to family problems. Maximum likelihood estimates of the genetic and environmental variance components. / Leon Eisenberg; Stress, development, and family interaction / Judy Dunn; Depressive feelings, cognitions, and disorders: a research postscript / Michael Rutter. It is primarily characterized by altered cognitive ability including impaired language and communication skills and fundamental deficits in social reciprocity. Professor Michael Rutter: Research Students; Research Outputs Research funding Professor Michael Rutter. There is enormous interest in identifying causes of child psychopathology but considerable difficulty in knowing which risks are genuinely causal and in showing how they work. Resilience is an interactive phenomenon that is inferred from findings indicating that some individuals have a relatively good outcome despite having experienced serious adversities. RESEARCH METHODS AND RESEARCH DESIGNS RESILIENCE RISK AND ADVERSE EXPERIENCES SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS TEMPERAMENT TREATMENT OF CHILD PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED Books authored or co-authored by Michael Rutter 1966 to 2019 References Peer-reviewed papers authored or co-authored by Michael Rutter … ... think any work on genetic markers for resilience is in its infancy and probably akin to the medieval search for a method to create gold. However, associations with prenatal risk factors may arise because of postnatal risk or through confounders, including inherited ones. However, even amongst children with an IQ in the normal range, outcome is very variable. VIII. There is a debate over whether disruptive behaviour should be regarded as a central component of, or rather as an epiphenomenon with little diagnostic value for, psychopathy. All rights reserved. ORCID: 0000-0003-1577-7405. In this Personal View that is shaped by clinical experience and research, we adopt a conceptual approach. Example of Meta‐Analysis Mx script. METHODS AND MEASURES USED FOR FOLLOW-UP AT 15 YEARS OF THE ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN ADOPTEE (ERA) STUDY (The English and Romanian Study Team). Maximum likelihood estimates of the MZ and DZ twin correlations. Examination attainments of black pupils of West Indian origin and their white peers attending the inner... Detailed findings are provided life institutional deprivation: do they mediate specific psychopathological effects Isle of Wight to! 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